According to Prosthetics and Orthotics International, more than 57 million people worldwide experienced limb loss in 2017. Today, this problem is even more pressing, and more and more people are looking for effective ways to restore normal activity. Old uncomfortable prostheses are giving way to new, more advanced technologies. We are talking about bionic prostheses, which can not only compensate for the loss of a limb but also almost completely restore its functionality. These innovative solutions open up a wide range of possibilities for those who are looking to regain a normal lifestyle after amputation. In this article, MediGlobus will answer the most common questions about bionic prostheses – how they work, what are their advantages and disadvantages, and what are their costs.
What are bionic prostheses?
“To regain lost function, you need some sort of assistive tool or technology that can restore the capabilities of the human anatomy after amputation,” Dr Nick Langhals, the curator of NIH-supported research on bionic prosthetics.
Prosthetics is a branch of orthopaedics concerned with the restoration of lost or damaged body parts using prosthetic devices. The goal of prosthetics is to restore function, mobility, and aesthetic appearance to an area of the body that has been lost or damaged due to injury, disease, or birth defect.
Bionic or myoelectric prostheses are an advanced form of prosthetics that combines modern technology to create devices with bionic components. These prostheses can recreate the natural movements and functions of a lost limb by interacting with the user’s nervous system and muscles.
The key differentiator of bionic prostheses is their ability to adapt to the user’s movements and provide a more natural interaction with the world around them. This technology offers not only the possibility of restoring lost function but also a significant increase in comfort and quality of life.
What is a bionic prosthesis?
The design of a bionic prosthesis includes a variety of components depending on the type of specific prosthesis.
Bionic prostheses are equipped with microcontrollers, sensors and electrodes that communicate with the user’s nervous system and muscles.
The microprocessor is the heart of the prosthesis. It receives signals from the sensors, processes them and commands the motors to make the required movement.
Myoelectric prostheses have a diverse set of commands that can be customised to suit different human needs.
Hydraulic shock absorbers promote more natural and adaptive movement and reduce the strain on the body when using the prosthesis.
There are many variations in the design of bionic prostheses. They can mimic the natural look of an arm, leg, or finger, or they can feature a unique design.
Bionic prostheses have built-in batteries and chargers.
Some models have integrated controls such as buttons, touch pads, monitors, smartphone connectivity, etc. These provide the ability to switch between modes, adjust strength and speed of movement, and provide important information about battery level and prosthetic status.
The latest bionic prostheses use artificial intelligence technology to adapt to the user’s preferences, optimise movement and increase efficiency.
Read: What is the difference between bionic prostheses and other types of prostheses??
The most important difference between bionic and traditional prostheses is the control system. A traditional prosthesis is actuated by body movement with the assistance of belts and cables. For example, raising the shoulder causes the cable to tighten, which opens the prosthetic arm or hook. Lowering the shoulder closes the prosthesis. Prosthetic legs work similarly. Depending on the specific movements of the body, the prosthesis bends or unfolds.
The bionic prosthesis works differently. The device recognises nerve impulses sent by the brain and processes them with the help of a microcomputer. In this way, the myoelectric prosthesis works almost like a natural limb. It can be used to perform a wide range of manipulations – gripping and holding small and large objects, controlling grip strength, walking and running on uneven ground, climbing stairs, controlling speed, etc.
More detailed information about bionic prostheses, their costs, manufacturers and clinics can be found by contacting a MediGlobus specialist. Click the button below and book a free consultation. We will answer all your questions.
How do bionic prostheses work?
The way bionic prostheses work is based on close interaction with the human nervous system and muscles. Electrodes pick up electrical signals sent by the brain to control the muscles. Microcontrollers and processors process the received information and transmit commands to motors and actuators that activate the moving components of the prosthesis to perform a specific movement.
A special feature of cyber prostheses is that they are safer and more comfortable to use. Special sensors recognise body position, pressure and speed. This information allows the prosthesis to anticipate in a fraction of a second that a person has made an incorrect movement and prevent it. This function helps to improve balance when travelling and prevent the danger of falling. Moreover, special shock absorbers help to compensate for the pressure on the residual limb and the strain on the spine. A person with such a prosthesis does not feel pain and discomfort when using it.
The latest models of robotic prostheses are equipped with special sensors for “feedback”, through which a person can feel the contact of the prosthesis with an object. When the sensor comes into contact with something, it transmits a signal to the user in the form of a barely perceptible vibration. The stronger the contact with the object, the stronger the vibration. This function increases control over movements and the performance of specific functions many times over.
What types of bionic limbs are there?
A bionic prosthesis can replace a lost limb in whole or in part, depending on the level of amputation.
Leg prostheses are available for:
Hips;
shins;
feet.
Arm prostheses are available for:
Shoulder;
forearm;
hand;
fingers.
What are the different types of bionic prosthetic hands?
There are two types of myoelectric hand prostheses – single-grip and multi-grip.
A single-grip prosthesis is powered by a single motor, which allows the fingers of the hand to close or open simultaneously.
In a multi-grip prosthesis, each finger is equipped with a separate motor. This makes it possible to perform many more manipulations and even gestures. The number of programmes depends on the specific model and the person’s preferences.
What are the different types of bionic prosthetic legs?
Bionic prosthetic legs are divided into 2 types depending on the level of amputation: transtibial and transfemoral:
Transtibial prostheses replace the part of the leg below the knee while preserving the knee joint. They include an artificial tibia and a foot.
Transfemoral prostheses are designed to replace the lower limb above the knee. They include an artificial knee joint, a tibia and a foot.
There are also specialised bionic prostheses for sports. They can be designed and customised to the specific requirements of the user.
Running prostheses are lightweight and aerodynamic devices designed to optimise running. They provide high performance and stability, allowing athletes to achieve high speeds. Prostheses for winter sports are adapted for skiing or skating. There are also prostheses designed for extreme sports such as rock climbing or cycling. They have a reinforced design that can withstand high loads and adapt to unusual conditions, allowing athletes to overcome extreme challenges.
What actions can a bionic prosthesis perform?
The latest prosthetic hands can perform a large number of commands. They almost completely replicate the work of a natural limb, recreating natural movements and fine motor skills. They can be used to pick up and hold small objects, e.g. to use cutlery, zip a zip, open a lock with a key, write or do handicrafts. However, it is not advisable to use the prosthesis for heavy lifting and rough work, e.g. using a punch or drill. This can damage the components of the prosthesis. Special appliances can be used for these purposes. Also, some models of prostheses have removable attachments (brushes, hooks, etc.) that can be changed as needed.
Modern prosthetic legs also have great possibilities. Gait with such a device is more natural. A person can go up and down stairs without any problems, change the speed of movement from walking to running and vice versa, sit down and stand up. Such prostheses are equipped with control systems that prevent a person from falling in case of careless movement. Special cushioning systems are also used to compensate for the load on the joints, residual limb and spine.
How is the bionic prosthesis fitted?
There are several ways of fitting a bionic prosthesis, each with its characteristics:
Vacuum attachment method | This method is based on the creation of a vacuum between the socket (stump) and the limb. The socket is customised to the patient’s parameters. It must exactly match the shape of the residual limb, otherwise discomfort and pain will occur when using the prosthesis. Once the residual limb has been placed in the socket, it is closed with a valve that releases air from the socket, creating a vacuum inside. This prevents the prosthesis from shifting and ensures a secure fit. There are modern systems, such as the Harmony from Otto Bock, which automatically maintain the vacuum level. |
Silicone or gel cover-liner | This method involves the use of a special silicone or gel-based cover that provides a more secure bond. It is a convenient method that allows you to remove and put on the denture without additional pulls. |
Osteointegration | This is an innovative way of anchoring prostheses without stumps and sheaths. It is based on inserting the implant directly into the bone, after which the implant is gradually reunited with the bone tissue, creating a strong and stable connection. Once the osseointegration process is complete, a special element is attached to the implant to secure the prosthesis itself. With this method, the prosthesis is attached in a matter of seconds. There are no more problems with the fixation of the residual limb and no more discomfort from wearing. |
What are the benefits and limitations associated with the use of bionic prostheses?
Advantages of bionic prostheses:
Maximising the restoration of limb functionality allows you to perform various daily tasks and be active, which raises the user’s self-esteem and comfort.
Bionic prostheses come in a variety of designs.
With advanced technology and intuitive controls, the bionic prosthesis provides the most natural movement possible.
A modern prosthetic hand has a wide arsenal of commands to perform both simple and complex actions. Not only can it be used to simply hold objects, but also to write, tie shoelaces, fasten buttons and zips, gesture and much more.
The myoelectric prosthetic leg recreates the natural limb movement as closely as possible. Coordination and balance are improved, gait becomes smoother, it is possible to switch from walking to running or vice versa, go up and down stairs, drive a bike and more.
The bionic prosthesis offers the possibility of individual adjustment and adaptation, meeting the specific needs of a person in household chores, professional activities, sports or hobbies. Some models are additionally equipped with removable attachments such as hooks, clips, grips and others to perform various tasks.
Prostheses are created with comfort in mind, allowing users to wear them for long periods without pain or discomfort. Modern 3D printing technologies allow for the creation of lightweight prostheses, which improve mobility and ease of use.
Durable materials ensure the long life of the prosthesis.
Disadvantages of bionic prostheses:
The use of bionic prostheses requires time and effort to master, which can cause difficulties for some people.
The principle of action of such prostheses is based on nerve activity in the muscles, so their installation immediately after amputation is crucial. If the fitting is delayed for a long time, the muscles and nerves may atrophy, making it difficult or impossible to learn to operate the prosthesis. Thus, attention to the time frame and regular training after amputation are decisive factors for the successful learning and use of bionic prostheses..
Due to the complexity of the technology, bionic prostheses can be subject to technical failures requiring maintenance or repair.
A bionic prosthesis is more expensive than a conventional mechanical prosthesis.
Most bionic prostheses are not designed for use in water. It is also not recommended to use the prosthesis in aggressive work environments, such as using a punch or drill.
Bionic prostheses are battery-operated, which can be inconvenient, especially in situations where access to charging is limited.
How much does a bionic prosthesis cost?
There are many companies on the market today that specialise in the design and manufacture of various prostheses for hands, feet and fingers. Among the most popular are Ottobock, Bauerfeind, Stryker and Össur, which produce the best bionic prostheses. Their cost depends on various factors, such as the level of amputation, type of prosthesis, design features and the presence of additional components. It is important to keep in mind that any prosthesis requires rehabilitation and training to be fully utilised, which can also be costly.
Approximate cost of bionic prostheses:
| Name | Cost |
|---|---|
| Ottobock Be Bionic – a multi-grip prosthetic hand equipped with 5 motors for each finger and a set of 16 different commands | $24,000 |
| Michelangelo Ottobock is the best prosthetic hand according to many user reviews. It looks as natural as possible, recreates natural movements, motor skills and gestures, and has a wide range of commands | $64,500 |
| Össur Touch Bionic – a bionic prosthetic hand that performs up to 36 different actions | $27,000 |
| Ottobock C-leg 4 – one of the most popular models of robotic prostheses for the leg above the knee. It has intuitive controls, increased safety and a wide range of commands | $34,000 |
| Ottobock Genium x3 – a bionic prosthetic leg with a wide range of functionality. The special design allows the prosthesis to be used for water procedures | $75,000 |
| Ottobock Harmony Meridium – microprocessor-enabled prosthetic foot made of carbon fibre. Capable of transmitting tactile sensations from contact and automatically switches modes when driving, cycling or climbing stairs | $30,000 |
Where to order a prosthesis and undergo rehabilitation?
When deciding on a prosthetic leg or arm, many factors should be taken into account – the reputation of the clinic, the availability of necessary certificates and the qualifications of specialists. The clinic’s use of modern technology and equipment is also a guarantee of successful rehabilitation. If you contact MediGlobus, you will receive professional assistance in choosing the most optimal option that meets all your requirements. We will also help you with travel arrangements and support during your stay at the centre. Get a free consultation by clicking on the button below.
Summary
A bionic prosthesis is an innovative device designed to replace lost limbs. The hallmark of such prostheses is the integration of advanced technology and electronics to maximise the imitation of natural movement.
The design of a bionic prosthesis includes sensors, transducers, microprocessors, motors, shock absorbers and other components for more precise and controlled movement.
A bionic prosthesis differs from traditional prostheses mainly in its control system. Traditional prostheses are activated by body movement using straps and cables. The bionic prosthesis recognises nerve impulses from the brain and processes them using a microcomputer. The myoelectric prosthesis functions almost like a natural limb, allowing you to perform a variety of actions.
Bionic prostheses offer the possibility of replacing upper and lower limbs depending on the level of amputation.
There are two types of myoelectric hand prostheses: single-grip and multi-grip. The single-grip prosthesis is controlled by a single motor, which enables simultaneous closing or opening of the fingers of the hand. In a multi-grip prosthesis, each finger is equipped with a separate motor, allowing for a wider variety of manipulations and even gestures, depending on the user’s programming and preferences.
Leg prostheses are divided into two main types depending on the level of amputation: transtibial and transfemoral. Transtibial prostheses replace the part of the leg below the knee while preserving the knee joint. Transfemoral prostheses are designed to replace the lower limb above the knee. There are also specialised prostheses for sports.
Bionic prosthetic hands allow the user to hold objects, write, zip and perform other daily tasks. Modern prosthetic legs provide a more natural gait and allow for a variety of movements, including climbing stairs and changing speeds.
A bionic prosthesis can be fitted using a variety of methods – vacuum-assisted, with a silicone or gel liner cover, or surgical osseointegration.
The cost of prostheses depends on the level of amputation, the type of prosthesis and its functionality. For example, the Ottobock Be Bionic hand prosthesis is priced at $24,000, while the Michelangelo Ottobock bionic hand prosthesis costs start from $64,500. The cost of a bionic leg also varies by model and configuration. Ottobock’s Genium x3 prosthesis is $75,000.
Sources:
- 1. Bionic Movements Connecting Mind and Machine – NIH
- 2. A New Era for Bionic Limbs – IEEE
- 3. Bionic limbs – Australian Academy of Science
- 4. Efort Open Reviews
- 5. Prosthetics and Orthotics International
